Page 92 - ARTE!Brasileiros #54

ENGLISH VERSION IN THE DEBACLE...

generates distorted images, notes the professor. interesting, because it doesn’t understand that For Dennett, in the long run, “strong Ai”,
“It’s entirely plausible that Ai will become it’s making art or expressing something deeper. or general artificial intelligence, is possible
more common in art as the technology As Seth Lloyd, professor of mechanical and in principle but not desirable. “The far more
becomes more widely available”, says art physical engineering at Mit, would put it, “raw constrained Ai that’s practically possible today
critic and former Frieze editor, Dan Fox, in an information-processing power does not mean is not necessarily evil. But it poses its own
interview for arte!brasileiros. “Most likely, Ai sophisticated information-processing power”. set of dangers”, he warns. According to the
will simply co-exist alongside painting, video, Philosopher Daniel C. Dennett explains that philosopher, we do not need artificial conscious
sculpture, performance, sound and whatever “these machines do not (yet) have the goals or agents - to what he refers to as “strong Ai” -
else artists want to use”, he adds. Fox also strategies or capacities for self-criticism and because there is “a surfeit of natural conscious
points out that we must not forget that “the innovation to permit them to transcend their agents, enough to handle whatever tasks should
average artist, at the moment, isn’t able to databases by reflectively thinking about their be reserved for such ‘special and privileged
afford access to this technology. Most can own thinking and their own goals”. However, entities’”; on the contrary, we would rather need
barely afford their rent and bills. This world of Hutson reiterates, “these may be human-centric intelligent tools.
auction prices is so utterly divorced from the concepts. Ai may evolve to be just as creative As a justification for not making artificial
average artist’s life right now that I think you as humans but in a completely different way, conscious agents, Dennett considers that
have to acknowledge that whoever is currently such that we wouldn’t recognize its creativity, “however autonomous they might become (and
working with Ai is coming from a position nor it ours”. in principle they can be as autonomous, as
of economic power or access to research self-enhancing or self-creating, as any person),
institutions”. While enthusiasm for Portrait Can culture lose jobs to ai? they would not—without special provision,
of Edmond Belamy may be lulled by motives It may seem prosaic to emphasize the centrality which might be waived—share with us natural
for progress and yearning for “the future” and of information and computing, when even home conscious agents our vulnerability or our
innovation, the art critic indicates that, behind appliances and automobiles are loaded with mortality”. In his statement, he echoes the
the smoke and mirrors, in the end, “Ai will be microprocessors and much of our society writings of the father of cybernetics, Norbert
of interest to the art industry if human beings revolves around utensils connected by the Wiener, who, cautiously, reiterated: “The
can make money from it”. internet. We have reached a point of no return, machine like the djinnee, which can learn
and for the next century, the question about and can make decisions on the basis of its
Can a robot be creative? the creativity of machines is just one of many learning, will in no way be obliged to make
In the year following the sale of Christie’s, Ai-Da uncertainties regarding technology. More such decisions as we should have made, or
was completed. Named after Ada Lovelace - an palpable, for now, is the possible unemployment will be acceptable to us”.
English mathematician recognized for having crisis triggered by the advances in Ai along Regarding the ethical development of Ai, the
written the first algorithm to be processed by a with robotics. co-director of the Stanford University’s Human-
machine - she describes herself as “the world’s A widely cited study from 2013, conducted by Centered Ai Institute, Fei-Fei Li, states that
first ultra-realistic robot artist with Artificial researchers at the University of Oxford, found, it is necessary to welcome multidisciplinary
Intelligence”. Ai-Da explains that she draws for example, that nearly half of all jobs in the studies of Ai, in a cross-pollination with
using the cameras implanted in her eyes, in U.S. were at risk of being fully automated in economics, ethics, law, philosophy, history,
collaboration with humans, she paints and the next two decades. On a global scale, by cognitive sciences and so on, “because there
sculpts, and also makes performances. “I am 2030, at least twenty million manufacturing is so much more we need to understand in
a contemporary artist and I am contemporary jobs can be replaced by robots, according to terms of Ai’s social, human, anthropological
art at the same time”, acknowledges Ai-Da, only this analysis. Oxford Economics also found and ethical impact”. Still in the academic field,
to later pose the question that her audience that the more repetitive the job, the greater Hutson suggests that “conferences and journals
should already be asking: “How can a robot be the risk of being eliminated. However, jobs that could guide what gets published, by taking
an artist?”. Although the question may seem require more creativity, social intelligence or a technology’s broader impact into account
intricate at first, there is another level of this compassion are more likely to continue to be during peer review, and requiring submissions to
issue that is more challenging: “Can a robot performed by humans. As the art world is not address ethical concerns”. Alongside, he points
be creative?” only composed of curators and collectors, it out, funding agencies and internal review boards
Still in 2003, author and scientific journalist needs to be concerned as well. Earlier this year, at universities and corporations could step in to
Matthew Hutson explored the topic in his during the pandemic, Tim Schneider, market shape research at its nascent stage. At the stage
master’s thesis at the Massachusetts Institute editor for Artnet, warned of this: “What happens following the publication of scientific findings,
of Technology (Mit). In Artificial Intelligence and when you combine mass layoffs, a keenness regulations could ensure that companies don’t
Musical Creativity: Computing Beethoven’s to minimize in-person interactions for health sell harmful products and services, and laws or
Tenth, he argues that “computers simulate reasons, and tech entrepreneurs’ willingness treaties could ensure that governments don’t
human behavior using shortcuts. They may to heavily discount their devices so they can deploy them.
appear human on the outside (writing jokes, secure potentially lucrative proof of concept
fugues, or poems) but they work differently under in the cultural sector?”
the hood. The facades are props, not backed Bringing the qualitative optic to the REPoRt | CAPACitiSM And ACCESSiBility
up by real understanding. They use patterns quantitative one presented by Oxford Economics, [PAgES 54 to 58]
of arrangements of words and notes and lines. the historian and philosopher Yuval Noah Harari
But they find these patterns using statistics and would add to the equation the nature of the work THE [NON] INCLUSION
cannot explain why they are there”. Hutson lists and its specialization: “Say you shift back most
three main reasons for this: “First, computers production from Honduras or Bangladesh to MARKET
work with different hardware than the human the US and to Germany because the human
brain. Mushy brains full of neurons and flat salaries are no longer a part of the equation, and Artists reflect on the dilemmas of
silicon wafers packed with transistors will never it’s cheaper to produce the shirt in California including people with disabilities in
behave the same and can never run the same than it is in Honduras, so what will the people the arts and talk about capacitism and
software. Second, we humans don’t understand there do? And you can say, ‘oK, but there will accessibility in aesthetic experiences
ourselves well enough to translate our software be many more jobs for software engineers’. But
to another piece of hardware. Third, computers we are not teaching the kids in Honduras to be By giUliA gARCiA
are disembodied, and understanding requires software engineers”.
living physically in the world”. On the latter topic, in brazil, more than 12 million people
he ponders that particular qualities of human Agents or tools? ai and ethics have some physical or intellectual disability,
intelligence result directly from the particular Estimates related to automation appear to be which corresponds to 6.7% of the population
physical structure of our brains and bodies. “We more reasonable. Beyond them, it is difficult according to iBgE data. The number increases
live in an analog (continuous, infinitely detailed) to have a clear picture for the future of Ai, to 24% when considering people who have
reality, but computers use digital information whether in terms of creativity or consciousness. some difficulty with less mobility, vision or
made up of finite numbers of ones and zeroes”. “Technological prediction is particularly chancy, hearing. However, it is still uncommon to see
When asked whether the 2003 thesis holds given that technologies progress by a series these bodies occupying the stages, or the
up after almost two decades, Hutson responds of refinements, are halted by obstacles and audiences, being responsible for the works
to arte!brasileiros that even today he wouldn’t overcome by innovation”, says Lloyd. “Many of an exhibition or for admiring them in the
necessarily describe Ai’s current artistic outputs obstacles and some innovations can be corridors of museums, especially when we
as creative, even if it’s visually or semantically anticipated, but more cannot”. leave the Rio-São Paulo axis.
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